The effect of different fatty acids in close–up period on population and size of follicles and blood parameters related to the energy state of the body after calving of lactating dairy cows was measured. In this study 12 Holstein cows were selected by expected date of parturition (around 30 days before calving) and assigned them randomly within one of the three experimental treatments including: 1) control (with carbohydrate source), 2) Rumen-protected fat (RF) and 3) Roasted Soybean (RS). The diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and not iso-caloric. Blood samples were collected at 7 day intervals in -21, -14, -7, 1, 7, 14, 21 periods of calving. Also dry matter intake and body condition score cows were recorded. Ovarian activity was monitored by daily transrectal ultrasound scanning from 30 to 40 and 60 to 70 DIM. In blood parameters section only glucose concentrate, significantly was different among treatment groups and the value of glucose in RS group was higher than RF group. Reproductive activity in cows that were fed RS group was higher than RF group. Differences in dry matter intake and body condition score were not significant.

Animal fats have the potential to be a valuable resource in various fields due to their abundance and renewability. This review is aimed to highlight the potential of animal fats for industrial applications. Despite their versatility, the high levels of unsaturated fatty acids and instability have limited their usage. Chemical modification processes such as epoxidation, esterification, and acetylation are used to enhance stability and expand their applicability in various fields. These modified animal fats offer a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based products with a positive impact on the environment. The usage of animal fats in other industries provides more benefits, including reduced dependence on fossil fuels, savings in foreign currency, and an improved rural economy with increased job opportunities. In addition, the utilization of animal fats in the chemical industry can lead to the development of biodegradable products, which have a positive impact on the environment.

Mutton tallow was obtained by dry rendering of the Iranian sheep tail fat. The extracted fat was subjected to series of physical and chemical tests consisting of nonsaponifiable matter, cholesterol and free fatty acid contents, melting point, refractive index, peroxide value, iodine value, specification value, colour, induction period measurement, fatty acid analysis and composition. The results of peroxide value and free fatty acid content indicated the efficiency of the fat extraction method with respect to hydrolysis and auto-oxidation. Sterol composition indicated that cholesterol was the major sterol (330mg/100g) with traces of phytosterol. Fatty acid profile of tallow showed that oleic and palmitic acids were the predominant acids present. Although tallow with respect to its melting point and saturated fatty acid content is similar to the hydrogenated fat it might be considered a superior product due to the absence of trans and conjugated isomers, therefore it might replace the hydrogenated fat in different products or used as common oil in food industry after reduction of cholesterol and fractionation.

Background and Objectives: In recent years, researchers have focused to find out the best dietary composition to provide maximum performance and health for the animals. Therefore, providing suitable nutritional conditions is aimed to improve the growth performance of calves. There are reports of the use of dietary fatty acids to alter growth performance as well as the immune response in suckling calves. Using a fat source is suggested as a way to improve energy and growth performance in calves. However, the relationship between the level of forage consumption and the type of fat source in the infant’ s calves is not well understood. Therefore, the current study was designed and conducted to evaluate the effects of fat sources with or without alfalfa hay forage in the starter diet on performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood and rumen parameters of Holstein dairy calves. Materials and Methods: This experiment with 40 newborn Holstein calves with a mean age of 3 days and a mean weight of 39 ± 1. 8 kg with 4 treatments and 10 replications was a factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design. Experimental treatments were included: 1) starter diet containing soybean oil supplement without alfalfa; 2) starter diet containing soybean oil supplement with 15% alfalfa; 3) starter diet containing palm oil supplement without alfalfa; 4) starter diet contained palm oil supplement along with 15% alfalfa hay. Daily starter intake and 10-d intervals body weight were recorded and the feed conversion ratio was calculated for each group. To determine blood parameters on day 36 of experiment, blood samples were taken from the jugular vein. Apparent digestibility of nutrients (organic matter, dry matter, NDF, crude protein, and ether extract) was measured using acid-insoluble ash as an internal marker. Results: The results showed that feeding alfalfa hay along with soybean oil could negatively affect the starter consumption, average daily gain, and final weight of suckling calves. Thus, the lowest starter consumption (635 vs. 443 g/d), daily gain (541 vs. 671 g/d) and final weight (71. 2 vs. 79. 6 kg) were found when palm fat and soybean oil was fed with alfalfa hay, respectively. Dry matter intake (milk + starter) and feed efficiency were not affected by oil, alfalfa forage, and their interactions. The results showed that the digestibility of organic matter in the treatment containing soybean oil with alfalfa was the lowest (P < 0. 05). The highest digestibility was related to the treatment of palm oil with alfalfa and the lowest amount was found for soybean oil with alfalfa. The highest concentration of ammonia nitrogen was for calves receiving soybean oil with alfalfa, where the lowest amount was related to the treatment of palm oil with alfalfa (P <0. 05). The results showed that alfalfa, oil and alfalfa and oil interaction had a significant effect on the short-chain fatty acid concentration (P <0. 05). Rumen pH, acetate and propionate concentrations, acetate to propionate ratio, and short chain fatty acids were not affected by alfalfa, oil and their interactions. Oil supplementation and the interaction could have a significant effect on blood concentrations of glucose, insulin, and beta-hydroxybutyrate (P<0. 05). While soybean oil, alfalfa, and the interaction of oil and alfalfa did not have any significant effect on blood concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, albumin, blood urea nitrogen, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase. Conclusion: It can be concluded that despite the level of forage in the starter diet, supplementation with soybean oil reduced performance, nutrient digestibility, and also impaired ruminal fermentation compared to the diet containing palm oil. Simultaneous feeding of soybean oil and alfalfa forage had a negative effect on feed intake and performance of dairy calves, and on the other hand, when consuming forage during the pre-weaning period of calves, the use of palm oil is more advisable rather than soybean oil.

Background: The need for a rapid, noninvasive method for unwanted hair removal has led to the development of various light sources for this purpose. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of Intense Pulsed Light Source (IPLS) on unwanted hairs. Patients & Methods: In this open, uncontrolled clinical trial, 77 different anatomical areas in 34 referred patients to "Novin Didegan Clinic" in Tehran in 1380-1381, were treated by IPLS at fluencies ranging from 22 to 34 j/cm2 after their demographic data and the number of hairs were recorded. The 3 to 7 treatment sessions were accomplished 4 to 6 weeks apart. All of the patients were followed 6 months after the last therapy. The quantitative data were  analyzed by paired t test. Results: Six months after the last therapy, more than 50% reduction in number of hairs was noted in 80% of the treated areas; with mean reduction of 72±23 percent. Side effects were mild and reversible and occurred in ten patients. Conclusion: The IPLS appears to provide an effective and safe method for long term excess hair removal in various skin types.      

Introduction: The elbow is frequently involved in trauma and is one of the most frequently radiographed joint in emergency ward. Posterior fat pad displacement has been describing in a variety of disorder such as hemophilia, rheumatoid arthritis and any condition that concomitant with joint effusion such as trauma. So it may be the manifestation of an Occult fracture as a result of trauma. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assessment the implication of posterior fat-pad sign in occult elbow fracture. Materials and Methods: This research is a prospective and descriptive study that carried out on 328 patients with the age under 18 years old and a history of traumatic elbow injury. All of patients with the radiographically positive posterior fat pad sign, without any intraarticular fracture were introduced in study. After 3 weeks the injury, anteroposterior, lateral, and oblique radiographs were made and evaluated for evidence of fracture healing (Periostial reaction). If there was evidence of new bone formation on any of this three radiographs, it was considered to indicate a fracture of elbow. Result: From 328 patients, 73% (242) were boys and 26% (86) were girls. 29(96)% of patients were posterior fat pad positive sign that 85% (82) of above patient after 3 weeks become positive they had evidence of a fracture and in 18% (14) of patient hadn’t any evidence of fracture. 82% (65) of patients had supracondylar fracture, 41% (5) a fracture of lateral condyl humerus, 1.64% (2) a fracture of medial condyl humerus.Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the prevalence of posterior fat-pad sign with the evidence of fracture in elbow is very high and need to evaluate the patients with occult fracture correctly is very important.